ABSTRACT
Background Bromadiolone is the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide widely used all over the world. Exposure to bromadiolone in early life stage can lead to neurodevelopmental toxicity, but its toxic mechanism of neurodevelopment is not clear so far. Objective To investigate the developmental neurotoxicity and mechanism of bromadiolone to zebrafish embryos. Methods Zebrafish embryos were randomly divided into four groups: a solvent control group (dimethylsulphoxide) and three bromadiolone exposure groups (0.39, 0.78, and 1.18 mg·L−1). The exposure period was from 4 h to 120 h post-fertilization. The number of spontaneous movement per minute was recorded at 24 h post-treatment. The locomotor ability of zebrafish larvae and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were tested at 120 h post-treatment. The relative expression levels of neurodevelopment-related genes (elavl3, gap43, mbp, and syn2a) were measured by fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results Compared with the control group, the number of spontaneous movement per minute at 24 h decreased significantly in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the total distance travelled of the zebrafish larvae in the 0.78 and 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure groups decreased by 60% and 69% respectively (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the total movement time decreased by 34% and 65% respectively (P<0.05, P<0.01). The AChE activity in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group increased by 36% when compared with the control group (P<0.05). The fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that compared with the control group, the expression levels of neurodevelopment-related genes elavl3, syn2a, and mbp were significantly down-regulated by 66%, 69%, and 65% in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group respectively (P<0.01), the expression level of gap43 was up-regulated by 56% in the 0.78 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group (P<0.01) and down-regulated by 34% in the 1.18 mg·L−1 bromadiolone exposure group (P<0.05). Conclusion Bromadiolone exposure could inhibit spontaneous movement and locomotive behavior, down-regulate the expression levels of neurodevelopment-related genes, hinder the release of neurotransmitters, and result in neurodevelopmental toxicity in the early-staged zebrafish.
ABSTRACT
Objective To examine whether sleep problems are related to both emotional and behavioral problems in children aged 3-6 years.Methods A large cross-sectional study was conducted in Anqing,Wuhu,Tongling and Yangzhou from March to June 2015.A total of 8 900 preschool aged children were included.Sleep problems were obtained by using adapted BISQ completed by the parents or the people who took care of children.Emotional and behavioral problems of the children were accessed by using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ),and multivariate logistic regression model was used for statistical analyses.Results The detected rates of emotional symptoms,conduct problems,hyperactivity problems,peer problems,total difficulties and prosocial behavior in preschool aged children were 9.0％,13.9％,18.9％,25.5％,13.6％ and 16.2％ respectively.All the detected rates were higher in boys than in girls except the higher rate of emotional symptoms.The proportions of children with high sleep quality,moderate sleep quality and poor or worse sleep quality were 3.9％,52.9％ and 43.2％ respectively.After controlling the confounding factors of demographic variables,including gender,age,delivery mode,birth weight,birth height and patent' s educational level,multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of emotional symptoms,conduct problems,hyperactivity problems,peer problems,total difficulties and prosocial behavior in children with longer sleep duration was lower than that in children with shorter sleep duration,the ORs were 0.86 (95％CI:0.77-0.95),0.85 (95％CI:0.78-0.93),0.85 (95％CI:0.79-0.92),0.87(95％CI:0.81-0.93),0.83 (95％CI:0.76-0.91) and 0.82 (95％CI:0.76-0.89) respectively.Compared with the children with good sleep quality,the risk of emotional symptoms,conduct problems,hyperactivity problems,peer problems,total difficulties and prosocial behavior were higher in children with poor or worse sleep quality,the ORs were 3.26 (95％CI:2.40-4.42),2.86 (95％CI:2.16-3.78),2.60 (95％ CI:2.00-3.38),1.96 (95％ CI:1.52-2.54),4.02 (95％ CI:3.06-5.27) and 2.56 (95％ CI:1.96-3.35) respectively.Conclusion There was a negative impact of shorter sleep and poor or worse sleep on emotional and behavioral problems of preschool aged children.
ABSTRACT
Objective To examine whether sleep problems are related to both emotional and behavioral problems in children aged 3-6 years.Methods A large cross-sectional study was conducted in Anqing,Wuhu,Tongling and Yangzhou from March to June 2015.A total of 8 900 preschool aged children were included.Sleep problems were obtained by using adapted BISQ completed by the parents or the people who took care of children.Emotional and behavioral problems of the children were accessed by using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ),and multivariate logistic regression model was used for statistical analyses.Results The detected rates of emotional symptoms,conduct problems,hyperactivity problems,peer problems,total difficulties and prosocial behavior in preschool aged children were 9.0％,13.9％,18.9％,25.5％,13.6％ and 16.2％ respectively.All the detected rates were higher in boys than in girls except the higher rate of emotional symptoms.The proportions of children with high sleep quality,moderate sleep quality and poor or worse sleep quality were 3.9％,52.9％ and 43.2％ respectively.After controlling the confounding factors of demographic variables,including gender,age,delivery mode,birth weight,birth height and patent' s educational level,multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of emotional symptoms,conduct problems,hyperactivity problems,peer problems,total difficulties and prosocial behavior in children with longer sleep duration was lower than that in children with shorter sleep duration,the ORs were 0.86 (95％CI:0.77-0.95),0.85 (95％CI:0.78-0.93),0.85 (95％CI:0.79-0.92),0.87(95％CI:0.81-0.93),0.83 (95％CI:0.76-0.91) and 0.82 (95％CI:0.76-0.89) respectively.Compared with the children with good sleep quality,the risk of emotional symptoms,conduct problems,hyperactivity problems,peer problems,total difficulties and prosocial behavior were higher in children with poor or worse sleep quality,the ORs were 3.26 (95％CI:2.40-4.42),2.86 (95％CI:2.16-3.78),2.60 (95％ CI:2.00-3.38),1.96 (95％ CI:1.52-2.54),4.02 (95％ CI:3.06-5.27) and 2.56 (95％ CI:1.96-3.35) respectively.Conclusion There was a negative impact of shorter sleep and poor or worse sleep on emotional and behavioral problems of preschool aged children.